Timed cooker



NOV. 14, 1939. H, GRAHAM 2,180,233

TIMED COOKER Filed Feb. 4, 1935 ll Sheets-Sheet 1 .F 77 INVENTOR MAURICEH. GRAHAM ATTORNEYS NOV. 14, 1939. H, GRAHAM 2,180,233

TIMED COOKER INVENTOR MAURICE H. GRAHAM By M ATT Rrvcys NOV. 14, 1939.M, GRAHAM 2,180,233

TIMED COOKER Filed Feb. 4, 1935 ll Sheets-Sheet 3 INVENTOR I y-29,MAumcz H. GRAHAM v mp/147W ATT always I Nov. 14, 1939. M. H. GRAHAMTIMED COOKER Filed Feb. 4, 1935 ll Sheets-Sheet 5 m T N E v m v MAURICEHfiRAHAM ATTORNEYS Nov. 14, 1939. M. H. GRAHAM 2 TIMED COOKER Filed Feb.4', 1955 11 Sheets-Sheet 7 INVENTOR MAURICE H.6RAHAM W M W ATTORNEYS-Nov. 14, 1939. M, 'H GR H M 2,180,233

TIMED COOKER liiled Feb. 4, 1935 ll Sheets-Sheet 8 INVENTOF? MAURICEH.6RAHAM ATTORNEY-5 Nov. 14, 1939.

Filed Feb. 4, 1935 11 Sheets-Sheet 9 /3$ Fzyi'i I MM M/ H 2 /36 26% IAd? J} v w fj 194 /6 26 M1, 466 La I m my 5&9 '4/9 j Mo F) as INVENTORMAURICE H.6RAHAM Arromvsys NOV. 14, 1939. GRAHAM 2,180,233

TIMED COOKER Filed Feb. 4, 1935 ll Sheets-Sheet 10 g m m2 452 a M? m 2 5a? 2; iii E: 2;: ii Hi ii: 4 /73 iii H a ii i =i M ii iii 0 I; H H H1 :lH 1:: H:

2 6 L57 /-6 45c i /jpln Fig-25 INvENToR MAUHICEI'LGRAHAM ATTOFTNEY5 Nov.14, 1939. M. H. GRAHAM 2,180,233

TIMED COOKER Filed Feb. 4, 1935 ll Sheefis-Sheet ll L My /66 ,46/54' k1/ 145 F 2 7 INVENTOR MAURICE H.6RAHAM I47 md g yfl mo,

Patented Nov. 14, 1939 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE TIRED COOKERApplication February 4, 1935, Serial No. 4,899

36 Claims. (Cl. 219-19) My invention relates to time-controlled cookersand more particularly to automatic electric toasters, walile irons andlike cooking apparatus, wherein the material to be toasted or cooked iscombined with a container or holder therefor associated with primaryelectrical heating elements. Toasters, waflle irons and like electricalcooking apparatus require timing mechanism that will operate accuratelyunder varying conditions of use and that will maintain accuracy oftoasting or cooking control, irrespective of the varying temperatures ofthe apparatus, cooking oven or space, and which variations intemperature will occur at the initiation of the toasting or cookingactions, depending on the rapidity with which the successive actions areproduced. These actions which I have demonstrated by long continuedtests involving thousands of continuously repeated operations, I haveaccomplished in my present invention.

To the above ends, generally stated, the invention consists of the noveldevices, combinations of devices and arrangement of parts hereinafterdescribed and defined in the claims.

Considering the matter particularly in respect to electric breadtoasters, it is a well known fact that the time required to toast aslice of bread to a predetermined or desired degree, varies with thevariations in the temperature condition of the toaster at thecommencement of the particular toasting operation. The same statement istrue to a greater or less degree in the cooking or baking of variousother food articles or the like. In the case of an electrically operatedtoaster, it will take a relatively greater amount of time to toast afirst slice of bread to a predetermined degree upon insertion into acold toaster, than will be required to toast a subsequent bread sliceinserted into the toaster after it has been operated a few times andbeen heated up.

For some years there has been marketed electrically operated toastersand other cookers provided with timing devices set to operate upon thecompletion of the cooking operation to automatically terminate thecooking operation. Such cookers, were, however, not capable of producinguniform results because of necessity for variable timing, due to thechange in their temperature condition, upon the occurrence of successiveoperations. In order to remedy this defect, it has been proposed toprovide means for varying the operation of the timing device, inaccordance with the variations in temperature of the cooker, and therebyto compensate for the increase in cooking temperature occasioned byfrequent use. One of such means is a temperature responsive devicesubject to some heat condition of the cooker, such, for example, as athermostat in the toaster disclosed in the Forbes Patent No. 1,665,735,of date April 10, 1928, which controls the operation oi the timingmechanism for the toasting of the bread slice. Again, in the case wherea thermostatic heating means is employed, for the automatic timing ofthe toasting or cooking interval, it has been proposed to provide meansfor preheating the timer means prior to use for controlling the cookingoperation after the cooker has been initially operated and heated, as ameans for compensating for the increased temperature of the cooker.

The simple type of thermostatic timer such as now generally used in oilburner control circuits commercially known as warp strips or bimetallicstrips, which consists of the thermally responsive elements, and thedeforming of which is determined by the interval necessary to heat thesame to a predetermined temperature, is not commercially applicable foruse to control any device such as a toaster, waflle iron or the like,adapted to be operated in rapid succession. The obvious reason is thatwhen the warp'strip has been heated, the device cannot again serve as anefficient timer until the strip has again cooled down. In an effort toovercome this difficulty and enable the use of a thermostatic timingmeans, in a device such as a toaster or the like, adapted to be operatedin rapid succession, it has been proposed to employ a plurality ofthermostatic timers in an arrangement in which it is intended that oneof the thermostatic elements will be allowed to cool off while theremaining timer is in operation; but this latter structure, so far as Iam aware, has not been successfully operated.

My present invention provides a timer which is self-compensating forincreases or other variations in cooking temperature occasioned by use,and which is therefore particularly adapted for use in automaticregulation of an electrically operated toaster or cooker, without thenecessity of any other means for varying the operation of the same tocompensate for changes in the cooking temperature.

It is a special object of my invention to provide a timer adapted to beset in operation upon the completion of the cooking interval of anelectrically operated toaster or cooker and arranged to automaticallyterminate said intervals, and which timer inherently and in its normaloperation, varies the cooking interval in accordance with orproportionate to the changes in the heat condition of the cooker,resulting from frequent repeated use, whereby the necessity of providingany additional or secondary means for changing the normal operation of.the timer to compensate for cooking temperature changes, is entirelyobviated.

Stated in another way, a broad purpose of the invention is the provisionof a. single thermostatic timer in which a heat-responsive controllingelement in itself can be operated over and over again in rapidsuccession and which, when thus used, will automatically compensate forthe variations in the cooking or heat-applying temperature due tovarious intervals or conditions between the repeated uses.

Again, it is a general object of the invention to provide a singlethermostatic timer in an automatic electrically operated cooker or otherdevice that can be operated in rapid succession and which is of suchnature that in its normal operation, it inherently compensates fortemperature changes of the cooker or device.

More particularly, the invention contemplates the utilization of thetime consumed in allowing the thermally responsive device to cool, aswell as the time required to heat it, in order to establish a cookinginterval, and it is a further object of the invention to provide athermostatic timer in which a cooking or heat applying interval isdetermined from the time required to heat a thermally responsive deviceto a predetermined temperature, and to permit it to cool to a secondpredetermined temperature.

As will hereinafter appear, in the operation of my improved timer asapplied, for example, to an electrically operated commercial toaster orcooking device, each cooking interval involves two sub-intervals, towit: (a) a variable subinterval required to heat the device from anuncertain or variable cool or low temperature condition to apredetermined higher temperature; and (b) the invariable or constantsub-interval required to permit the timer to cool from the predeterminedhigh temperature down to a predetermined cooled or relatively lowtemperature. By a suitable and simple adjusting device, the entirecooking interval made up of the above noted sub-intervals (a) and (b),can be varied, to thereby increase or decrease the degree or extent ofthe complete toasting or cooking interval; but with the timer set, thesaid intervals (a) and (b) will be as above stated, to wit: thesub-interval (a) variable, and thesub-interval (b) constant.

The above and numerous other objects of the invention will become moreapparent upon consideration of the devices illustrated in theaccompanying drawings.

Figs. 1 to 14, inclusive, illustrate my invention as embodied in acommercial bread toaster;

Figs. 15 to 20, inclusive, illustrate my invention as incorporated in abread toaster of somewhat modified form;

Figs. 21 and 22 illustrate a still further modified form of theinvention embodied in a toaster;

Figs. 23 to 28, inclusive, illustrate the invention as incorporated in awafiie iron; and

Fig. 29 is a diagrammatic view illustrating a still further modifiedform of the invention.

Referring to the above drawings, wherein like characters indicate likeparts throughout the several views;

Fig. 1 is a vertical front to rear section taken on the line ll of Fig.3;

Fig. 2 is a vertical front to rear section taken on the lines 2-2 ofFigs. 3 and Fig. 3 is a bottom plan view of the toaster shown in Fig. 1;

Fig. 4 is a vertical section taken on the line 4-4 of Fig. 6;

Fig. 5 is a transverse vertical section taken on the line 5--5 of Fig.1;

Fig. 6 is a front elevation of the toaster shown in Fig. 1, some partsbein sectioned on the same line as in Fig. 5 but illustrating difierentpositions of the parts;

Fig. 7 is a transverse vertical section taken on the line of Fig. 2;

Fig. 8 is a fragmentary section taken on the line 8--8 o Fig. 5;

Fig. 9 is a side elevation showing in detail the thermostatic elementherein designated as a timer;

Fig. 10 is an edge or side elevation of the timer shown in Fig. 9;

Fig. 11 is a section taken on the line H--II of Fig. 9; and

Figs. 12, 13 and 14 are diagrammatic views illustrating the wiring ofthe electrically actuated or influenced elements of the toaster, andillustrating different positions of the removable parts under differentconditions.

Figs. 15 and 16 illustrate a toaster very much like that described inconnection with Figs. 1 to 14, inclusive, but involving a somewhatmodified arrangement of the immediate circuit-actuating connections.

Fig. 15 is a view corresponding to Fig. 5 but illustrating the modifiedcircuit-actuating connections; and

Fig. 16 is a diagrammatic view illustrating the circuits of the modifiedarrangement of the toaster illustrated in Fig. 15.

Fig. 17 shows a somewhat modified form of the toaster being a verticalfront to rear section taken on the line I'I-I'I of Fig. 19;

Fig. 18 is a section with some parts broken away taken on the line I8l8of Fig.

Fig. 19 is a transverse vertical section taken on the line Iii-l9 ofFig. 17;

Fig. 20 is a view corresponding to Fig. 19 but with some parts shown infull and with certain of the parts moved to a different position;

Fig. 21 is a fragmentary section taken on the line 2l2l of Fig. 19, someparts being removed; and

Fig. 22 is a diagrammatic view with some parts in perspective,illustrating the wiring of the electrically influenced parts of thetoaster shown in Figs. 17-22, inclusive.

Figs. 23 to 28, inclusive, illustrate the invention as involved in theconstruction of a waffle iron;

Fig. 23 is a vertical section taken from front to rear centrally throughthe waflle iron;

Fig. 24 is a horizontal section taken on the line 2424 of Fig. 23;

Fig. 25 is a section taken on the line 2525 of Fig. 24, some parts beingbroken away;

Fig. 26 is a bottom plan view of the lower waiiie grid looking upwardfrom the line marked 26-26 on Fig. 23;

Fig. 27 is a fragmentary section taken on the irregular line 21-21 ofFig. 24, some parts being broken away;

Fig. 28 is a diagrammatic view illustrating the circuits andcircuit-actuating connections of the walileironshowninFlg.23;and

Fig. 29 is a diagrammatic view illustrating a still further modifiedform of the invention.

Diagram views, 12, 1s and 14 Before describing in full the variousdrawings which illustrate several diilerent embodiments of theinvention, attention will first be directed to Figs. 12, 13 and 14.These-views diagrammatically illustrate an embodiment of my inventionwhich has been primarily daigned for incorporation in an automaticelectrically operated bread toaster, but which either in the identicalform or slight modification, will serve as an automatic timer fornumerous other devices. It. is thought that by first considering theaction of the system Or scheme involved in these views, the laterdescribed application thereof in a toaster or the like will be morereadily understood. The scheme illustrated in these views includes, (inaddition to the circuit connections) heating coils or other heatradiators, a master switch, a master switch actuator, a shunting switch,an electro-magnetic tripping device for tripping the master switchactuator, and a thermally responsive timer, which latter includes anexpansible and contractable thermally responsive element and a timerswitch.

Referring more in detail to these diagram views, 3| indicatesheat-radiating elements or coils such, for example, as would be used ina toaster. 32 indicates a normally open master switch. 33 indicates amaster switch actuator. 34 indicates a shunting switch that is understrain to open. 35 indicates a tripper coil or solenoid, which, whenenergized, lifts a core or plunger 35 that is under normal strain todrop when relieved from the action of said solenoid or coil 35. Thisplunger 35 carries 9. lug or projection 31 which, when the plunger isdropped, closes the shunting switch 34. The master switch actuator 33 isshown as provided with a latch lug or projection 33 which is arranged tobe engaged by a latch dog 33 that is intermediately pivoted at 40.Plunger 38 carries also a pivoted dog-releasing lug or element 4|.

The timer includes as its main element, an expansible and contractabletimer bar 42, preferably made of metal such as aluminum (which has ahigh co-efiicient of expansion), and which is in close heat exchangeassociation with a heating coil 43. One end of this timer bar 42 ispivotally anchored at 44 and the free end ther of is pivotally connectedto the intermediate portion of a timer switch lever 45 that is pivotedat 46 and at its free end works between switch contacts 41 and 48. Lever45 is made oi metal and is an electrical conductor. Contact 41 is shownas threaded through a fixed bearing 43, and is a fixed contact exceptfor adjustments required to vary the entire toasting or heat-applyinginterval designated above as made up of sub-intervals (a) and (1)).Contact 48 is a yielding contact and, as shown, is in the form of ametal stem that works through a fixed bearing and is springpressedtoward the contact 41, the extreme movement in that direction beinglimited by a head on the rear end of said stem. In the particularapplication illustrated, contact 43 works freely through a threadedbearing sleeve 53 which, in turn, is adjustable in a fixed bearing Forthe purpose of the present illustration, contact 41 will be treated as afixed contact, and contact 43 as a yielding contact.

The main leads or supply wires are indicated by the numerals 52 and 53.Lead 52 is connected to one side of master switch 32, the other side ofwhich switch is shown as connected to one of the heating coils 3| by awire 54. The first noted heating coil 3| is connected to the secondheating coil by a wire 55, and the latter is connected by a wire 55 toone side of the shunting switch 34. The other lead 53 is shown asdirectly connected to that side of the shunting switch that is oppositeto the connection just noted made by wire 56 to the other side of saidswitch, and this same side of switch 34 is connected to one end ofsolenoid coil 35 and to one end of the timer heating coil 43 by a wire57. The other end of said coil 43 is connected by a wire 58 to the wire56. The other end of solenoid coil 35 is electrically connected to theswitch lever 45 by a wire 59 and to a bearing 5| and hence to theyielding contact 48 by a wire 50. In the wire or conductor 60 isinterposed a high resistance coil 8| which, in this particular instance,may be assumed to have a resistance of 1400 ohms. The said bearing 5|and hence the movable contact 48 is electrically connected by a wire 62to the same side of the master switch 32 to which wire 54 is connected.Wire 38 connects bearing 49 and hence contact 41 to that side of theswitch 34 to which the wires 53 and 51 are connected.

At this time and until further detail description may be given, thereader is asked to assume that the master switch actuator 33 is understrain to move upward, that it has a connection, which when it movesupward, will open the master switch 32; and that when said actuator 33is forced downward to the position indicated by full lines in the saidviews, Figs. 12, 13 and 14, it will close said master switch.

Operation With these facts in mind, the operation of the scheme shown inthe said Figs. 12, 13 and 14 will be as follows: Normally switchactuator 33 will be in the raised position indicated by broken lines inFig. 12, and the tripping plunger or member 36 will be in its loweredposition indicated by broken lines in said Fig. 12. When the saidelements 33 and 35 are in their broken line positions Fig. 12, masterswitch 32 will be in open position and there will be no flow of currentthrough any of the conductors or elements of the device. When it isdesired to render the system operative, the operator will depress theswitch actuator 33, thereby permitting or causing said master switch 32to be closed, so that current will then fiow not only through theheating coils 3|, but also through the tripping solenoid 35 energizingthe same and causing opening of shunting switch 34, permitting currentto iiow through timer heating coil 43, thereby causing both coils 3| and43 to generate heat.

In the drawings, the flow of current under the several conditions isintended to be indicated by the heavy wire-indicating lines. Thus, asindicated in Fig. 12, the flow will be from lead 52 through closedmaster switch 32, wire 62, contact 48, lever 45, wire 59, coil 35, andwire 51 to lead 53, and at the same time there will be a flow of currentthrough wires 54 and 55, heating coils 3|, wire 58, timer coil 43 andwire 51 to lead 53. This is the condition illustrated in Fig. 12, atwhich time lever 45 is engaged with yielding contact 43 and at whichtime, because of the path of least resistance, the current will flowthrough tripping coil 35, through said lever and wire 59, rather thanthrough the high resistance coil 6|.

When the master switch actuator was manually depressed as abovedescribed, its lug 36 passed below the engaging end of latch dog 33 inposition to be latched down by said dog, but at the same instant andwhile said actuator was held depressed, master switch 32 was closed (asdescribed), causing energization of tripping coil 35 and the latterbeing energized instantly raised the plunger 36 to its uppermostposition shown by full lines in Fig. 12'. As the said plunger wasraised, its pivoted lug 4| engaged the adjacent end of latch dog 33,moving the same into position to release said actuator 33, but theaction was so quick that said dog resumed its latching position beforethere was any upward movement of said actuator 33. when plunger 36 ismoved upward as just described, shunting switch 34 was opened, but theimportance of this action will be discussed later on.

When the condition of the system is that shown in Fig. 12, current willflow through the coils 3| and 43 and 35, as just stated, until under theaction of heat from coil 43, timer bar or element 42 has been expandedso as to disengage lever 46 from contact 48, as shown in Fig. 13. Theonly immediate effect of this action is to break the circuit leading tothe tripping coil 35 through the low resistance circuit (including thelever 45) and to cause the current to then flow through high resistancecoil SI and from thence through said tripping coil. The current thenflowing through solenoid coil 35 will be suiiicient to hold plunger 36raised, but not sufficient to cause it to be raised from its lower toits uppermost position. Under the conditions illustrated in Fig. 13,current will still flow through the heating elements 3| and through thetimer coil 43, so that the bar 42 win continue to expand until the freeend of lever 45 has been engaged with fixed contact 41, as shown in Fig.14.

Under the conditions existing in Fig. 14, tripper coil 35 will beshunted out by the circuit through lever 45, and through wires 59, 5'1and 88, thereby permitting plunger 36 to drop to its lower position, inwhich position its lug or projection 31 closes the shunting switch 34.Under dropping movement of the plunger, pivoted latch dog releasing lug4| freely passes the adjacent end of latch dog 39 without any actionthereon, since the downward movement of the adjacent end of said dog islimited by a suitable stop 39'.

When shunting switch 34 is closed, as shown in Fig. 14, by dropping ofthe plunger 36, the circuit will be closed between the opposite sides ofsaid switch, thereby shunting out the circuit -through the timer heatingcoil 43, but leaving the circuit through the heating coils 3| stillclosed for the full flow of current therethrough. When the circuitthrough the timer heating coil 43 is thus shunted out, the timer bar orelement 42 will immediately commence to cool off and to contract,starting the movement of the free end of the lever 45 from engagementwith fixed contact 41 toward engagement with a movable contact 48. Whilelever 45 is thus being moved toward engagement with contact 48, currentwill continue to flow through the heating elements 3|, but not, ofcourse, through the timer heating coil 43; plunger 36 will remain in itslowered position holding shunting switch 34 closed, and master switch 32will be held closed by the actuator 33, 'which is still latched down bydog 33. When,

however, lever 45, by continued contraction of bar 42, is again engagedwith contact 46, the circuit through tripper coil 35 will be then againclosed through lever 45, as shown in Fig. 12, thus causing said coil 35to be energized with sufficient force to pull plunger 36 from itslowered position shown in Fig. 14, back to its raised position shown inFig. 12.

The upward movement of said plunger 36 thus produced, accomplishes tworesults, to wit: it opens or permits the shunting switch 34 to open, andby engagement of pivoted lug 4| (which has a limited outward swingingmovement) with the adjacent and of latch dog 39, releases the masterswitch actuator 33, thereby permitting the latter to move upward and inits upward movement open the master switch, thereby cutting oiI allsupply of current to the system or device. When this happens, tripperplunger 36 drops back to position shown by broken lines in Fig. 12,ready to repeat its above described function in the next cycle ofoperation.

From the foregoing, it is evident that the time of the complete toastingor cooking action is the time required for the lever 45 to move out ofengagement with contact 43 and into engagement with contact 41 (which isthe variable sub-interval (a) above referred to), plus the time requiredfor the said lever to move from engagement with contact 41 back intoengagement with contact 48 (which is the constant or unvaryingsub-interval above referred to as sub-interval (b). The

extent to which movable contact 48 will be depressed or moved againstits spring tension under the action of lever 45, will vary with theextent to which the thermally responsive bar or element 42 is permittedto cool.

With the so-cailed fixed contact 41 set in a deflnite position, theheating elements will be operated so as to produce always substantiallythe same cooking or heating actions, regardless of the temperature ofthe apparatus or its parts (including, of course, the element 42), atthe instant that the apparatus is set in action to toast bread orproduce other cooking or heating action.

As illustrated in the drawings, the stem of contact 41 has threadedengagement with its bearing 43 and hence is capable of being set indifferent adjustments, and of course, the setting thereof into differentadjustments will vary the total time interval and the intensity of therepeated toasting, cooking or heating actions, which actions, however,will be constant in respect to the result, for any particular setting ofthe relatively fixed contact.

In Figs. 1 to 11, inclusive, I have illustrated a commercial toaster inwhich the scheme and structure diagrammatically illustrated in Figs. 12,13 and 14 is applied.

Referring now particularly to these views, it may be stated that in thisembodiment of the invention, the toaster has very much the appearance ofthat of the well-known "Toastmaster toaster, but differs therefrom verymaterially in its vital structural features and the operation thereof.As here illustrated, the base portion of the toaster is made up of araised base plate 63 and a bottom base plate 64 supported by foot Iblocks 65. Rigidly secured on and risingfrom the base plate 63 is aframe made up of upright front and rear plates 66 and 61, that supportlaterally spaced insulating sheets 66, preferably mica, on which latterthe heating coils 3| are applied. Detachably mounted on the base plate63 and surrounding and enclosing the mica sheets 66 and various otherparts, is a casing 63, preferably of light sheet metal and on the top ofwhich a crown sheet or top plate III is applied. This crown sheet II isprovided with a centrally located bread discharge passage ll throughwhich, as will presently appear, the bread slices may be passed into andout of the oven or toas l;- ing chamber formed between the coils 3|.

Detachably mounted on top of the end plate 66 is a rectangular marginalrim 12, the opening in which is larger than the bread passage H so thatit does not interfere with the passage of the bread through the latterinto and out of the toasting chamber. Guide rods 13 are secured to anddepend from the rim l2 and will serve to hold the bread out of contactwith the heating coils 3|. In Fig. 4, a slice of bread is indicated bythe character 1 By reference particularly to Figs. 2, 4, 5 and 6, itwill now be noted that the vertically movable element 33, heretoforedescribed as a master switch actuator, is provided with grooved rollers14 that run on a vertical guide post 15 rigidly secured at its lower endto the base plate 63 and at its upper end to a projection 12' of the rim12. This plate or member 33 affords a vertically movable carriage and tofacilitate the manipulation thereof, it is shown as provided with aprojecting handle 13 that works through a vertical clearance slot in thefront of the casing 59. This master switch actuator 33 is provided witha projecting arm 11 to which is rigidly secured a skeletonizedbreadsupporting table or support 13 that is movable vertically betweenthe heating coils or elements 3|. Table 13 has lateral projectionsthrough which the lower ends of the guide rods 13 are freely passed. Arm11 works through a vertical slot in the frame plate 55 and holdscarriage plate 33 against rotation on post 15.

The carriage made up of the plate 33 associated parts is put undertension to move to its uppermost position shown by dotted lines in Fig.4, by a coiled spring 13, one end of which is adjustably anchored to anotched flange 30, formed in the base plate 63 and the other end ofwhich is connected to the lower end of a vertically disposed arm 8! thatis rigidly secured to a long lever 82. This lever 82 is pivoted at 33 toa lug on the rear frame plate 61 and at its free end it is provided witha laterally projecting stud 84, the inner end of which in the structureillustrated, is embraced by a pronged end of a bracket 35, see Figs. 2,5 and 6, which, in turn, is rigidly secured to the carriage-formingactuator plate 33. The upwardly projected end of the arm 8| is pivotedto a switch-actuating link 85, the front end of which is connected tothe upper end of the movable element of the master switch 32 by ayielding connection made up of a short coiled tension spring 81 thatconnects studs on the switch member and on said link.

By reference to Figs. 9, l and 11, it will be noted that the timer bar42, as preferably designed, is made up of a sheet of expansible metal,to wit: preferably aluminum, bent into fiat U-shaped cross-sectionalformation to enclose take up slack, but does not, however, control themovements of said lever, the latter being under the complete control oftimer bar 42, as already described.

The pivot 40 of the latch dog 39 described in connection with thediagram views, Figs. 12, 13 and I4, in the present instance, is shown asa rod supported by lugs 89 of a pair of upright parallel bars 30 thatare rigidly secured to one of the front corner portions of the baseplate 33 (see Fig. 5). The stop pin 33' is also applied to these lugs33, see Figs. 5, 6 and 8. Also, in this application of the invention,the tripping plunger 33 is provided with a flat depending portion 33'which works through a slot in the base plate 63 and through a slot in astop bar 9| that is rigidly secured to the upright bars 90. Thus plunger36 which carries the tripping and switchclosing elements is held againstrotation on its axis. Lock dog 33 can be gravity held in its lookingposition shown in Figs. 5, 6, 12 and 14, but for this purpose, it isshown as additionally held by a light torsion spring 32, best shown inFigs. 5, 6, and 8. As best shown in Fig '7, louvered plates 93 areapplied between the coil-supporting plates and the outer sides of thecasing 69.

The tripping coil 35 is shown as supported on a shelf 34 secured to thebars 30, see Figs. 5 and 6, by reference to which bars it will also benoted that the normally separated contacts or members of the trippingswitch 34 are secured and insulated from each other by an insulatingblock 95 secured to the lower portions of the bars 30. A manner ofapplying the invention broadly illustrated in the diagram views, Figs.12, 13 14, to the :1 toaster illustrated in Figs. 1 to 11, inclusive, asnow been described, and the gene al operation has already been madeciear by the discription of the said diagram views. A short summary ofthe action of the commercial toaster with the invention thus applied, isas follows:

Summary of operation of inve tion applied as in Figs. 1 to 14, inclusiveNormally, or when the device has been out of use, the parts will be inpositions shown by full lines in Figs. 1, 2 and 5, and by broken linesin Fig. 4, and the current will be entirely out off the toaster becausemaster switch 32 will then be open. The bread slice is then insertedthrough the passage H and. placed on the table 18. Then by taking holdof the handle 16, the carriage is depressed, thereby lowering the table18, bringing the bread into toasting position between the heatingelements or coils 3|; and this same movement of the plate or carriage33, operating through the lever 82 and arm 8|, against tension of spring19, closes the master switch, thereby turning the current onto theheating coils or elements 3| and timer coil 43. The toasting action willthen be initiated and will'continue as described in connection withdiagram views, Figs. 12, 13 and 14, until the complete toasting actionhas been accomplished; whereupon, the tripper coil 35 will be energized,raising the plunger 36, causing latch dog 39 to release the carriage 33.When carriage 33 is thus released, spring 13 will quickly move carriage33 upward, causing the table 18 to project the bread partially from thetoaster and the master switch to be opened, restoring the toaster tonormal or inoperative condition. The exact cycle of operation of thetoaster and the important results thereof have been fully described inconnection with the diagram views and need not be here repeated.

From the foregoing it will be observed that in the particulararrangement described, the auto matic means for tripping the masterswitch actuator, causing opening of the master switch and movement ofthe bread from the toasting zone or oven, in addition to the severalimportant functions performed, serves as a means for indicatlng thecompletion of the timed toasting, cooking or heating interval. From thisit further follows that the so-called means for indicating thecompletion of the timed interval can- Figs. 15 and 16 The structureillustrated in Figs. 15 and 16, except for some of the circuitconnections and the construction of the shunting switch, is like thatfully described in connection with Figs. 1

to 14, inclusive, and hence those parts that are identical with thestructure of the said Figs. 1 to 14, are here indicated by the samecharacters with exponent 11 added thereto. The shunting switch of thisstructure which is employed instead of the heretofore described switch34, involves three contact members 34, 34" and 34", which members areanchored to 'an insulating block 980 mounted on a fixed part of theframework of the toaster, such as the bars 000:. Contact 04" is undertension normally to maintain electrical engagement with contact 34' butout of engagement with contact 30", and its upper end is bent so that itwill be forced out of engagement with contact 34' and into engagementwith contact 04" by lug 31a when plunger 36a is raised.

By reference to Fig. 16, it will be noted that in this arrangement,bearing 49a and hence fixed contact "a is electrically connected tocontact 34 by a wire 01; that the timer healing coil 43a is connected tosaid contact 34" by a wire 98; that one terminal of tripper coil 35a isconnected to contact 34 by a wire 89; and that one terminal of one ofthe heating element coils 3Ia is connected to contact 34' by a wire I00;that the main lead 52a is connected to one side of master switch 32a bya wire I M; and that the main lead 53a is connected to contact 34" by awire I02.

Diagram view, Fig. 16, indicates the normal condition ofthe toasterillustrated in Figs. 15 and 16, and the operation thereof will beexactly that described in connection with Figs. 1 to 14, inclusive,except that at the time when lever 45a engages fixed contact 41a at thecompletion of the above described sub-interval (a), the circuit leadingto timer coil 43a will be absolutely opened, whereas, in the previouslydescribed arrangement, said circuit leading to said timer coil is simplyshunted out of action. More specifically described, the said action willbe as follows:

when master switch 02a is closed by depression of actuator 33a, thecurrent will first flow through trip coil 35a, causing plunger 36a to beraised and its lug 31a to move contact 34" out of engagement withcontact 34' and 50 engagement with contact 04'", thereby closing thecircuit through the heating coils 0Ia and timer heating coil 43a. Thenwhen, under expansion of member 42a, lever 45a is engaged with contact"a, current willtake the path of least resistance from master switchthrough wire 02a, wire 60a, resistance "a, wire "a, lever a, contact "aand wires 01 and I02, thereby shunting out the tripping coil 05a andpermitting plunger 38a to drop back to its position shown in Fig. 16.When this takes place, shunting switch contact 34" will again engagewith contact 34, thereby absolutely opening the circuit through timerheating coil 43, permitting the element a to commence to cool; but atthis time, the current will still flow through the heating coils 3Ia. byway of wire I00, contacts 34' and 34", and wire I02.

From the description just given of Figs. 15 and 16, it will beunderstood that the timer coil can be cut on of action either byshunting it out or by opening or breaking its circuit. The term timercut out is, therefore, herein used in a sense broad enough to covereither or both of the said actions or manners of rendering inoperativethe coil or device which supplies heat to the thermally responsivetimer.

Attention should have been called to the fact that contact 34" makescontact with 30" before it breaks contact with contact 34'.

Figs. 17 to 22, inclusive The structure illustrated in these views inmany respects is like that illustrated in Figs. 1 to 14, inclusive, butdiffers therefrom in the circuit connection and in some of the detailsof mechanism. Those parts of the structure illustrated in these lastnoted views, that are identical with those illustrated-in Figs. 1 to 14,inclusive, are indicated by the same numerals with the exponent b addedthereto.

In this modified structure, the master switch 32b is connected to thevertically movable carriage "b by the same connections, and is subjectto the same spring that is fully described in connection with Figs. 1to14. In this arrangement, however, the so-called. shunting switch andthe tripping switch are of modified form. The shunting switch showncomprises a circuitclosing lever I00 and co-operating contacts I 04.Lever I03 is pivoted to front plate 66b at I05 and contacts I04 are alsosupported from said plate 66b but insulated therefrom and from eachother. The carriage 33b carries an extension I06 which has a finger I01that underlies the intermediate portion of said lever and holds the sameraised, as shown in Fig. 22, when the carriage is in its normal raisedposition. Lever I03 has a laterally yielding spring extension"! thatnormally rests on the extremeupper end of a long lever I 09, and whichis pivoted near its lower end at IIO to a bracket III that is rigidlysecured on the base plate 00b. Lever I00 is shown as made up of twosections that are rigidly connected but insulated the one from the otherat III.

At its extreme upper end, lever I00 is formed with a notch III intowhich the end of lever extension I00 will drop under certain conditions.

A light coiled spring Ill attached to the end of lever extension I08 andto the intermediate portion of lever I09 yieldingly pulls I03I00downward and holds the latter normally on the fiat upper end of saidlever I00. In a rearward direction, movement of the free end of theflexible arm extension I00 is limited by a relatively fixed stop I IIwhich, as shown, is carried at the upper end 01' a stop lever I I8 thatis intermediately pivoted to a suitable bearing on a fixed part, such asthe front plate 68b. The lower end of this lever is shown as swivelledto an adjusting screw II! that works through a nut block II8 on the base33b and is provided at its front end with an operating knob I I8. Thefree end of the thermally influenced timer bar 42b is shown as connectedby a short thrust link I to the extreme lower end of the lever I03.

The tripping switch is shown as made up of two metallic spring stripsI2I, the upper ends of which are rigidly connected but insulated fromeach other by a block I22. One of the members I2I is anchored to a blockor element I23 rigidly secured to the front plate 66b. One side of themaster switch 32b is connected to main lead 52b and the other side ofsaid switch is connected by a wire I24 to one terminal of the timer coil42b, the other terminal of said coil being connected by a wire I25 toone of the switch contacts I04, this same contact being connected by awire I26 to one of the heating coils 3Ib. One of the said coils 3Ib isconnected by a wire I21 to the relatively fixed member of the tripperswitch contacts I2I. The other or movable switch contact I2I isconnected by a wire I28 to one terminal of a tripper magnet coil I23,the other terminal of which is connected by a wire I30 to the switchcontact I04 to which the wire I25 is not connected.

Tripper magnet I23 has a movable armature I3 I, the free end of which isunder yielding strain to engage a latch detent or lug I32 that iscarried by a lower front portion of the carriage 33b. Lever I03 at itsintermediate portion, see particularly Fig. 22, is provided with alateral pin or projection I33 that is engageable with the depending endof the movable contact I2I.

Operation of structure of Figs. 17 to 22, inclusive The normal positionof the various parts is illustrated in Figs. 17, 19 and 22, under whichconditions the carriage 33b and bread carrier 181) are raised and masterswitch 32b is open. When a slice of bread has been inserted on the breadcarrier 18?), the carriage 33b may be depressed by engaging anddepressing the handle 1617. This downward movement of the carriage(which as before noted, serves also as a master switch actuator) closesthe master switch and causes the carriage to be latched in its lowerswitch-closing position with the bread in position for toasting, byengagement of the armature I3I with the latch lug I32. When this takesplace. the current will flow from lead 52b through master switch 32b,wire I24, timer coil 43b, wire I25, and heating coils 3Ib to lead 53b.When timer bar 42b is subject to the heat from timer heating coil 431),it will commence to expand and will move the upper end of lever I03rearward or toward the right in respect to Fig. 22, and will carry thepin I33 away from the free end of the movable contact I2I, therebycausing the tripper switch to open. However, even before this tripperswitch is opened, no current can flow through the tripper magnet I23.

Under expansion of timer bar 4217, the yielding lever extension I08 willbe forced against the relatively fixed stop II5, but when said timer baris expanded to a certain predetermined extent,-

its extreme upper end will be carried beyond the end of lever extensionI08, and thereupon, spring II4 will cause switch lever I03 with itsextension III to drop, thereby closing the circuit between the shuntswitch contacts I04.

At this time, it will be understood that the carrier extension I03 andits lifting finger or lug I01 will be in the lowered position due to thelowering of the canine 331). When the circuit is thus closed betweencontacts I04, the flow of the current will be from lead 52!) throughswitch 321), arm I03, contacts I04, and heating coils 3Ilto lead 53b;but the circuit through timer coil 43 will then be shunted out so thattimer bar 421) will be permitted to cool and will contract. When saidbar 42b is contracted far enough to permit the points of tripper switchcontacts I2I to engage, the circuit will then be closed through trippingcoil I23 by way of wires I30, I28, switch contacts I2I and wire I26.

When tripper coil I23 is energized, its armature III will be attracted,thereby disengaging the latch lug I32 and permitting the carriage 33b tobe immediately raised under the action of its spring 19b. When thecarriage is thus moved back to its raised or normal position, masterswitch 3211 will be opened, cutting ofi the entire supply of current andlever I03 will be again raised out of engagement with contacts I04 andthe spring arm I08 will, under its own spring tension, snap back to theposition shown in Fig. 22 over the upper end of lever I03.

With the stop I I5 set in a definite position, the toasting actions willbe uniform, that is, will be toasted to a certain degree. The degree towhich the bread will be toasted may be increased or decreased, however,by adjustments of the lever H6 and its stop II5.

Wame iron, Figs. 23 to 28, inclusive These figures illustrate theinvention incorporated in a waflle iron, which comprises a suitable baseI34 which supports an upstanding casing I35. The numeral I36 and I3!indicate, respectively, the fixed and movable grids of the waiiie iron,the former of which is supported on the upper edge or rim of the casingI and the latter of which is contained in a cap-like cover plate I38which, in turn, is hinged to 2. lug I39 on the casing I35. The heatingcoils are applied to the respective grids in proper heat exchangerelation in respect thereto. Preferably, and as best i1- lustrated indiagram view, Fig. 28, each grid is provided with two heating coils 3Icand 3Id that are connected in multiple by a. circuit presently to bedescribed.

The thermally influenced timer bar 420 which is similar to the earlierdescribed timer bar 42, is provided with a heating coil 430. This bar42c is shown as located just above the base I34 and is anchored theretoat 44c. The main or master switch of this arrangement is shown as in theform of a metallic lever I40 and a fixed contact I H Lever I40 is shownas pivoted to the base I34 at I42 and is subject to a spring I43. LeverI 40 has a yielding contact I44 that is directly engageable with contactI and with a spaced contact I45. Contacts HI and I45 may take variousforms, but as shown, they are in the form of screws that are adjustablethrough lugs on the base plate I34.

The shunting switch of this structure, as shown, comprises a lever I46and a fixed contact I41. Lever I46 is intermediately pivoted at I48 to acarrier plate I49 that is slidably mounted on the base plate I34 underthe action of an adjusting screw I50 that is swivelled to a lug on saidplate I49 and works with threaded engagement through ,connected to ashunt switch-actuating lever 450 which, in turn, is pivoted to the baseplate I34 at I52. At its free end, the arm 46 is provided with divergingprongs between which the adjacent end of the switch lever I46 isarranged to work in a manner hereinafter described.

The master switch lever I40 at its free end, is shown as provided with alatch lug I56 which, when the said lever is moved to the broken lineposition, Figs. 24 and 28, will be engaged and held by a free end of alatch dog He. Latch dog 69c is pivoted at I to a bracket I54 secured onthe base I34 and is subject to a light spring I56 that normally holdsthe same against a fixed stop I51 on said bracket. At its intermediateportion, said dog is shown as provided with an offset tripping lug I50.

A tripping magnet or solenoid 350 is mounted on a bracket I54 and actsupon a vertically movable core or tripping plunger 360. At its lowerend, plunger 36c is provided with a dog-releasing lug or element He thatis pivoted thereto for slight inward swinging movements, but limited inits outward swinging movement. Main lead 530 is connected to the masterswitch lever I44 by a wire I59 and contact I45 is connected to oneterminal of timer coil 43c and to one terminal of one of the coils 3Icby a wire I60. Terminal of wire I60 is connected by a wire I6I to theother heating coil 3Ic; and the terminals of the two upper coils 3Ic and3Id are connected to the corresponding terminals of the other set ofcoils 3Ic3 Id by a wire I62, and fromthe latter point, a wire I63 leadsto the main lead 520. A wire I64 connects one terminal of the upper coil36d to the corresponding terminal of the lower coil 3Id and thencethrough a switch I65 to a wire I60. This switch I65, as shown, includesa bimetallic strip or warp bar which normally closes the circuit throughwire I64 but will open when the temperature of the waille iron reaches acertain predetermined high point suitable for cock-- ing. A signal lightbulb I66 is shunted around the switch ,I65, as best shown in Fig. 28, bymeans of a shunt wire I61.

In Fig. 24, the numeral I68 indicates a gong or bell that is arranged tobe struck by the end of a clapper-acting lever I69. Bell I68 is shown asmounted on the base I34 and lever I69 is shown as pivoted on the latterand is subject to a light retracting spring I10. The extended end oflever I69 is in position to be struck by the lug I53 on the end ofswitch lever I40 when the latter is released and is given quick returnfrom its broken line to its full line position of Figs. 24 and 28.

' Operation of the warfle iron, Figs. 23 to 28 In Fig. 28, full linesindicate the condition of the apparatus or device in what may be treatedas normal, that is, when the leads 52c and 530 are connected to a sourceof current supply by suitable means, such as a socket, but in which themaster switch lever I40 is in its normal or released position. At thistime, current will flow from lead 53c through lever I40, wires I60 andI6I, to heating coils of the waflle iron and the wire I63 to lead 520.If the waille iron is then idle, that is, not periorming a waflle bakingaction, the warp switch I65 will be of such temperature that it willbreak the circuit through the inner heating coils Md, but will leave thecircuit closed through the coils 310. This condition of the circult willmaintain the plates '01 the'waflle iron in baking condition. In thisarrangement, the counpletion of the proper baking or cooking period isindicated by the ringing of the bell or gong.

when the wailie iron is to be thrown into baking action, the masterswitch lever I 46 will be moved into its dotted line position, Fig. 28,where it will be latched and held by latch dog 300. Current will thenflow from lead 53c, through lever I40 through coils 35c and 460, throughthe heating elements of the waille plates and through wire I63 to lead620. This will start the waflle baking action and the heating of thetimer element 420. Under expansion of element 420, lever 45c will bemoved first until its oblique prong engages the adjacent end of leverI46, and then until lever I46 is engaged with contact I 41 and when thisoccurs, tripping coil 35c and the timer coil or element 43c will beshunted out of action because the current will then take the path ofleast resistance and flow through lever I46 through the coils of thewaiiie plates and through wire I 63 to lead 52c. When timer element 43cis thus shunted out of action, thermally responsive member 420 willcommence to cool and contract; but lever I46 will maintain engagementwith contact I41 until it has been again engaged by the straight or'upper prong of lever 45c, whereupon the circuit will be broken atcontact I41. When contact is broken at I41, the current will then beforced through tripping coil or solenoid 35c and the latter beingenergized, will raise or attract the plunger 36c, causing lug He byengagement with lug I56, to move latch dog 30c and release lever I40,which latter, being released, will again resume the full line position,Fig. 28, cutting out of action all of the parts of the apparatus,restoring the device or apparatus to the condition first noted.

In the operation of the wailie device just described, the heretoforedescribed variable subinterval is the time required for lever 450, underexpansion of element 420, to move lever I46 from any one of severaldifferent possible positions into engagement with contact I41; and. theconstant sub-interval is the time required under contraction of member420 to move its oblique lower prong out of engagement and its straightor upper prong into engagement with the adjacent end of lever I46,thereby disengaging said lever I46 from contact I41. Inasmuch as theprongs of lever 450 are divergent, this last noted time can be varied byadjustments of lever I46 toward and from the pivot I52 of lever 45c; andthe means for accomplishing this has already been described.

From the foregoing, it is evident that the expressions such as cut-outand cut-off, referring to the supply of electric current or heatingmedium, is used in a broad and liberal sense and intended to cover suchactions whether the heating medium or current be completely out off orso materially cut oi as to modifyor greatly reduce the cookingbr bakingaction.

It is further evident that in the operation of all of the devices abovedescribed, at the termination of the described second or constantsubinterval, various actions are produced which indicate the terminationof the timed or heat-supplying interval. For instance, the soundproduced by the tripping of the mechanism would give such indication, orthe ejecting movement of the bread in a toaster, or the observedmovement of the parts would give indication of the termination of thetimed interval. 4

Obviously, the invention herein disclosed is capable of a wide range ofmodification within the scope of the invention and within the scope ofthe claims hereof.

Fig. 29 illustrates a structure or arrangement capable of incorporationin a toaster such as that illustrated in Figs. 1 to 14, inclusive, andwherein certain of the parts that correspond to those of the earlierstructure are indicated by the same numerals with the added exponent d.In this structure, the thermally responsive expansible and contractableelement 421! is not provided with an individual heating element but isplaced between the main heating elements 3ld directly in the line ofradiant heat therefrom and in the line of the upwardly moving currentsof air induced by convection. This structure will be made clear from thefollowing brief description of the operation, to wit: When the toasteris in normal or cooled condition, and out of operation, master switch32d will be open, plunger 3611 will be down as shown by broken lines inFig. 29, switch actuator 33d will be up as indicated by broken lines,and lever d will be engaged with switch contact 48d and will havepressed the same toward the left away from stop Ill a greater or lessdistance depending on the low temperature of the bar or member 42d. Whenthe toaster is to be thrown into action, actuator 33d is pressed down tothe full line position and will there be latched by the dog 39d.Downward movement of the actuator 3911 operating through the mechanismearlier described, will close the master switch 32d. When master switchis thus closed, while lever 45d is engaged with contact 48d, trip magnet35d will be shunted out and full current will then flow through theheating elements 31d and will continue to thus flow until the element4211, under the action of the radiant heat from elements 39d, isexpanded to such an extent as to first permit spring contact 48d to moveagainst stop Ill and then to move lever 4501 out of engagement withcontact 48d, and when this occurs, the current will be caused to flowthrough trip magnet 35d, thereby raising plunger 36d, releasing theactuator 33d and permitting the same to be moved upward under the actionof its spring, earlier described, thereby opening master switch 32d andterminating the toasting action. When master switch is opened, plunger36 will have dropped back to its lower or dotted line position.

For the next toasting action, it will be assumed that the next toastingaction is started by depressing actuator 33d while lever 45d is out ofengagement with contact 48d. When this happens, trip magnet 35d will beenergized, raising the plunger 36d while actuator is still depressed,thereby permitting dog 39d to again engage and latch the actuator downwith the master switch 3241 closed. When this second or repeat action isstarted, the flow of current through the heating elements 31d will besuflicient to hold plunger 36d raised, but will not be sufficient toproduce any material heating of the elements 3Id. Hence the heatingelements 3ld will not be again brought into action until element 42d hascooled to a sufficient extent to again engage lever 45d with contact48d, whereupon, the full current will flow through the heating elements3Id (through lever 45d and contact 48d) and trip magnet 35d will beshunted out, permitting plunger 36d to drop to broken line position.When, however, under the radiant heat from the elements 39d element 42dis again expanded so as to disengage lever 49d from contact 48d, tripmagnet 3511 will be again energized, raising plunger 36d, trippingswitch actuator 33d, and causing the master switch 32d to be againopened, thereby terminating this last noted heating or cooking action.

What I claim is:

1. The combination with cooking means including a primary heater and anassociated holder for the article to be cooked, of a timer forestablishing intervals of time action of said primary heater, said timerincluding a thermally responsive member, heating means operative on saidtimer member only until the latter has reached a predetermined hightemperature, thereby permitting said member to cool while said firstnoted heater is still in action, and means for interrupting the actionof said first noted heater when and only when said timer member hascooled to a predetermined extent.

2. The combination with electrical cooking means including a'primaryelectrical heater and an associated holder for the article to be cooked,of a thermostatic timer for establishing intervals of the time action ofsaid primary heater, said timer including a thermally responsive memberand an associated secondary electrical heater, a shunting switchactuated by said thermally responsive member, circuit connections andassociated means operatively arranged to out said secondary heater outof action when said expansible timer member is heated to a predeterminedhigh temperature, and means for interrupting the action of said primaryheater when and only when said timer member has cooled to apredetermined relatively low temperature.

3. The combination with electrical heating means, of a timer forestablishing intervals of time action of said heating means, said timerincluding a thermally responsive member and an electrical heat-radiatingelement associated therewith, a shunting switch actuated by saidthermally responsive timer member, circuit connections including saidelectric heating means and the electrical element of said timer, anormally open master switch in said circuit connections, a master switchactuator normally opening said master switch, a latch for holding saidmaster switch actuator in a position to cause closing 01' said masterswitch, and an electromagnetic trip for releasing said latch, said tripincluding a coil in said circuit connections, the heating element ofsaid timer being in a shunt across the main circuit and said shuntswitch being arranged to shunt said heating element out of action whenthe thermally responsive member of said timer is heated to apredetermined high temperature, and to cause the said tripping magnet toactuate said trip and release said master switch actuator, therebyopening the main switch and cutting off the supply of current to saidheating means when the thermally responsive member of said timer coolsto a predetermined low temperature.

4. The combination with electrical cooking means, including a primaryelectrical heater and associated holder for the article to be cooked, ofa timer for establishing intervals of time action of said primaryheater, said timer including a thermally responsive member and asecondary heat-radiating element associated therewith, circuitconnections for supplying current to said primary electrical heater andto the electrical heat-radiating element of said timer, and a timerswitch actuated by the thermally responsive member of said timer andarranged to control said circuit connections so as to cut the heatingelement of said timer out of action, when

